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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ROMAN AMBLESIDE Abbreviations: Trans. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeological Society (all references are to the New Series, in which the volume number is also the year of publication, e.g. vol. 23 is from 1923). References are to the volume number and the page(s). A complete set of the Transactions is available in the main reading room of the Armitt Library. Note: The bibliography is arranged as far as possible in chronological order of publication. From 1900 to 1950 Trans. 1.84: Report of the Cumberland Excavation Committee for 1900. By F. Haverfield Lead bullet (drawing) found 120 yards north of Roman fort at Ambleside Trans. 2.31-7: Recent Roman Finds at Waterhead, Windermere. By H.S. Cowper, FSA (Read at Durham, June 20th 1901) Main finds: bronze bell; wooden piles; pottery (including Samian); sling bullet of lead Trans. 6.24-5: Ambleside Town and Chapel, by Mary Armitt: III The Brathwaites of Ambleside Hall Roman coins (6 gold, 66 silver, 250 of baser metal) owned by Brathwaite family in 17th century Trans. 5.186-7: Some Miscellaneous Finds. By H.S. Cowper 2 Roman jugs found near Roman camp at Ambleside in 1904 (with drawings). Larger pot inscribed CNI (?) Trans. 14.433-65: Report on the Exploration of the Roman Fort at Ambleside, 1913. By Professor Haverfield and R.G. Collingwood Excavation report divided into the following sections: Ditch Coins Berm Iron objects Rampart Leaden objects NE Tower Glass Remains near Tower Various mineral remains E Gate Leather Remains outside E Gate Remains on shore of Lake Trans. 15.3-62: The Exploration of the Roman Fort at Ambleside: Report of the second year’s work (1914). By R.G. Collingwood Excavation report divided into the following sections: Dimensions Rampart Corner Towers The Gates Note to Last Year’s Report Principia (Praetorium) Granary Commandant’s House NE Area Traces of an Earlier Fort On the Date of the Occupation Preservation of the Remains Finds arranged as follows: Pottery: Introduction Course Wares Figured Samian Plain Samian Inscriptions Coins Glass, Metal, etc. Trans. 15.57-90: The Exploration of the Roman Fort at Ambleside: Report on the third year’s work (1915). By R.G. Collingwood Review of earlier work Dimensions of the early fort South side of fort A, centre SW corner of fort A W side of fort A, centre N side of fort A, 70 feet E of the island N side of fort A, centre N side of fort A, E end E side of fort A, N end Same side, S end Notes on finds: Socket stone Bundle of 11 spearheads Bronze implement for ornamenting pastry Trans. 20. 127 ff.: The Provisioning of Roman Forts. By the late Professor F. Haverfield, with Appendix by R.G. Collingwood (1918) Reference to Ambleside pp. 127-8 Collingwood’s Appendix gives capacities of granaries, including Ambleside Trans. 20.241-2: Spring Meeting 1920: Ambleside Fort Name of the site – CALAVA or GALAVA Excavations this year: Early fort Later fort Outside fort Trans. 21.1-42: Explorations in the Roman Fort at Ambleside (fourth year, 1920) and at other sites on the Tenth Iter. By R.G. Collingwood Explorations at Ambleside, 1920: The Agricolan Fort East Gate, etc., of the 2nd Fort External Buildings Pottery, etc., found in 1915 and in 1920, analysed by site The Roman Road from Ambleside to Wrynose The Date of the Hardknot Castle Trans. 24.245: The Last Years of Roman Cumberland. By R.G. Collingwood Reference to the village north of the Ambleside Fort Trans. 26.237-8: Samian Pottery found at Ambleside Comments by Dr. Felix Oswald on No.2 in fig.4 in Trans. 21.23 Trans. 47.118 and 120: In Coastal Mile Fortlet at Cardurnock. By Eric Birley (118) Antonine mortarium maker AUSTINUS reported at Ambleside. (120) ICOTASCUS stamp reported at Ambleside Trans. 49.15-31: The Roman Road from Ambleside to Ravenglass. By I.A. Richmond (1947) Contains maps of suggested route B. From 1950 to 1969 Trans. 55.318-9: NOTES: Crop-marks near the Roman fort at Ambleside. By Brian Blake Suggests that the crop marks to the north of the fort observed from Loughrigg may be the remains of a temporary camp and parts of the vicus. Contains photograph and diagram. Trans. 61.297-8: NOTES: Stone Objects from Ambleside. By Eric Birley “Three flat ovoid objects of stone, described as ‘British hammers’, found at Burns [probably a mishearing of Borrans] near Ambleside” (reported in AJ x, 1853, 63). Birley suggests they are Roman. Also refers to “an iron spear and a spiral bronze wire, said to have been found near Ambleside” (AJ xiii, 1856, 87). All now lost. Trans. 63.119: In article on Roman Papcastle by Eric Birley Amphora stamp QMR reported at Ambleside Trans. 63.302: Spring Meeting 1963 Roman pottery and leather recently found on a building site near the Roman fort at Ambleside Trans. 64.397: Summer Meeting 1963 Miss Burkett displayed several Roman exhibits recently excavated at Ambleside: burial urn (AD 80-100); Samian Ware; pieces of cooking pots and jugs; rim of amphora; glass beads; a key; nails; leather; tombstone Trans. 64.411: Spring Meeting 1964 Miss Burkett exhibited a plan of the rescue excavation outside the Roman station (Galava) at Waterhead, Ambleside, and photographs of a Roman shoe found on the site Trans. 65.86-101: Recent Discoveries at Ambleside. By Mary Burkett Finds to the east of Borrans Road, near the fort (with site plan and plates): - Tombstone of Flavius Fuscinus and Flavius Romanus (ref. to fuller report in JRS lxiii, 1963, 160-4) found at Wanless How, Waterhead - Grey jar containing bones (c. AD 80-130) - Fragments of leather, soles and heels and a complete shoe - Samian and other pottery (listed and drawn at end of article) - Timber posts and horizontal beams - Stone-paved areas - Lead sling shot, nails, and an iron key Reports of other finds: - Part of bronze harness ring found at Fisherbeck Gardens in 1963 - 2 coins (Augustus, AD 11-12; Claudius, AD 41) found in mud at edge of lake below fort in 1933 Trans. 66.468: NOTES: A Roman Stamped Sherd from Ambleside. By Dorothy Charlesworth Parisian Ware, late 1st - early 2nd century AD From 1970 to 1989 Tom Garlick, Romans in the Lake Counties (Dalesman 1970) References to Ambleside pp. 13, 28, 51 Tom Garlick, Ambleside Roman Fort (Dalesman 1975) A guide book for visitors to the site. Contains plans and a bibliography Trans. 77.179-80: NOTES: Rescue Dig in Ambleside. By M.E. Burkett Potters’ Stamps Decorated Ware David Breeze and Brian Dobson, Hadrian’s Wall (Penguin 1978) References to Ambleside pp. 126, 217, 276 Trans. 80.160: NOTES: A Possible Roman Road in the Kirkstone Pass and Matterdale Evidence of a Road leading from the Ambleside Fort over Kirkstone Peter Salway, Roman Britain (Oxford 1981) Reference to Ambleside p. 141 David Breeze, The Northern Frontiers of Roman Britain (Batesford 1982) References to Ambleside pp. 126, 145 Britannia xiv (1983), 292: A summary of Roger Leach’s work (see also Trans. 93.54-71 below) Cumbria Sites and Monuments Record, SMR No.1886 (dated 01/08/85 [?]): Refers to Roman tombstone found in 1962 at Wanless Howe. May be the stone recorded in Archaeological Journal xi (1864), 395 as found beside the east gate of the Ambleside Fort and subsequently lost (see also Trans. 65.86-101 above) Cumbria Sites and Monuments Record, SMR No.1339 (dated 01/08/85 [?]): Refers to: finds between 1876 and 1968 indicating a civil settlement north of the Ambleside Fort; excavations 1964-66 revealed a Roman hearth ‘to the east of Beck’, possibly outside the vicus; Roman road and revetment found by National Trust in 1993; Mann and Dunwell (University of Edinburgh) excavated five trenches (refers to NMR Excavation Index 1030508); Watching Brief carried out by Lancaster University (Leech, Scott 1982) on sewer trench (see Trans. 93. 51-74); Cumbria Sites and Monuments Record, SMR No.1850 (dated 01/08/85 [?]): Refers to cropmarks observed in 1955 which suggest a temporary Roman camp roughly parallel to the Fort, ‘perhaps constructed to accommodate troops employed in building or rebuilding the Fort’. Cumbria Sites and Monuments Record, SMR No.1887 (dated 01/08/85 [?]): Refers to a fragment of a Roman inscription found at Ambleside Fort and seen by Rev. T. Machell in the 17th century built into a ‘fieldhouse called Bowrigg Highhouse’, one mile to the south; now lost Cumbria Sites and Monuments Record, SMR No.1877 (dated 01/09/87 [?]): Refers to: Brief history of the Fort; Roman bronze coin of Jannus said to be from the camp at Ambleside, shows two soldiers holding a votive inscription. In the Dalzell Collection, Lancaster Museum; Trial excavations in various places along the proposed Rothay Relief Road. Mostly negative; Re-excavation of a cable trench at Borrans Barn in 1993 identified a Roman road associated with the vicus. Also discovered a wall, though of uncertain date; 1:10,000 scale earthwork survey of Borrans Field carried out at the request of English Heritage in January 1998; Granary excavated by Collingwood in 1941 re-examined by Austen in 1989-90. See Britannia xxi and xxii; Survey by AML in 1989 of all unexcavated parts of Fort and surroundings Cumbria Sites and Monuments Record, SMR No.5318 (dated 01/09/87 [?]): Refers to trench dug by NW Electricity Board in 1968 which revealed several traces of Roman occupation. See Trans. 77.179-80 Trans. 88.12: In article on The Roman Army in Cumbria by David Breeze Ambleside and Hardknot ‘it has been suggested’ established under Trajan Trans. 88.19: (as for 88.12) Reference to Roman tombstone found at Ambleside (JRS 53 (1963) 160) Trans. 89.37-40: The Roman Road between the Forts at Ambleside and Kendal. By Arthur Thornton Traces causeway via Ings. Contains map of a section of the proposed route D. Since 1990 Trans. 90.105-25: The Roman Road over the Kirkstone Pass: Ambleside to Old Penrith. By A. Richardson and T.M. Allan Contains maps (123-5) of proposed routes Britannia xxi (1990), 320: Summary of Paul Gibbons’ re-excavation of the Ambleside granaries, noting discrepancies with Collingwood’s findings Trans. 91.49-58: A Roman Road from Kendal to Ambleside. A Field Survey. Part 1: Kendal to Broadgate. By J.S. and J.A. Andrews With maps Britannia xxii (1991), 235: Summary of Paul Gibbons’ work, noting the failure to locate a loading bay where expected Trans. 92.57-66: A Roman Road from Kendal to Ambleside. Part 2: Broadgate to Ambleside – a field survey. By J.S. and J.A. Andrews With maps. Largely confirms ‘Thornton’s Route’ (see Trans. 89.37-40), but adds more detail Trans. 93.51-74: The Roman Fort and vicus at Ambleside: Archaeological Research in 1982. By R.H. Leech Carried out by the Cumbria and Lancashire Archaeological Unit and Lancaster University. Contains the following sections: - A Watching Brief in Field OS4369, by R.H. Leech. A two-day excavation in April 1982 - The Watching Brief in Advance of Road Construction. July-September 1982: observations and plans - Finds (with plan): Part of a slab of red sandstone Pottery (with illustrations): Type Number of sherds Samian 432 Mortaria 145 Amphorae 236 Nene Valley 8 Black Burnished 558 - Gold bracelet of twisted gold wire - Coin of Vespasian (AD 69-72) [lists all previous coin finds from site] - lead objects, mainly sling bullets - wood objects - leather objects - Discussion Trans. 93.75-8: Watching Brief at Borrans Road, Ambleside, 1991. By Godbert Carried out by Lancaster University Archaeological Unit. Plan of area to north of fort. Finds: Two boxes of stratified pottery 29 soil samples from industrial deposits, pits containing burnt bone, and from organic layers “During the Roman period the road north of the fort was bounded on either side by houses and industrial structures, and contained on its northern boundary by an east-west ditch. There was no evidence for such settlement north of the ditch.” Trans. 94.33: In article on Rome and the Brigantes: Early Hostilities. By David Shotter Reference to 2 coins from Ambleside (Augustus, Claudius) [see also Trans. 65.101] Trans. 95.73-7: An interim note on further discoveries in the Roman vicus at Ambleside, 1992-3. By Surindar Mann and Andrew Dunwell Excavations carried out by the Centre for Field Archaeology on Borrans Field and Borrans Road. Provides information on layout and structural sequence of occupation within the extra-mural settlement David Shotter, Romans and Britons in North-West England (2nd edition, University of Lancaster 1997) References to Ambleside on pp. 36-7, 66, 111-3 Trans. 98.304: NOTES: Recent finds of Roman coins in Cumbria. By David Shotter Hoard of coins reported found at or near the fort at Ambleside in early 1990s. No details available, and present location unknown Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, England: Ambleside Roman Fort (1998) Contents: Introduction Geology, Topography and Land-Use History of Research The Earthworks Description and Analysis Discussion Methodology Acknowledgements Bibliography
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